Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI)

​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​What is MPOX (formerly known as monkeypox)?

MPOX is a viral disease that is caused by infection with monkeypox virus.

The disease is endemic in parts of Central and West Africa, and outbreaks typically occur in populations living in rural areas who hunt, handle, and consume bushmeat. MPOX cases have been reported outside of Africa linked to international travel or importation of animals.

Since May 2022, there have been reports of MPOX cases in several regions of the world, including some cases with no or unknown travel history to MPOX endemic countries and occurring in men who have sex with men (MSM). 

MSM is not currently a known risk factor for MPOX transmission. While there have been cases identified among MSM, anyone can be infected through close or direct contact. Investigations are ongoing to understand where and how the cases acquired their infections. ​


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What are the symptoms of MPOX?
MPOX is typically a self-limiting illness that presents with fever and rash. However, serious complications or death can occur in some individuals. The following symptoms of MPOX are commonly experienced at the beginning of the disease:

  • Fever
  • Headache
  • Muscle ache
  • Backache
  • Swollen lymph nodes
  • Chills
  • General feeling of exhaustion

As the disease progresses, infected persons develop a rash, often starting from the face before spreading to other parts of the body, including the palms and soles. The cutaneous lesions often first present as macules, evolving successively to papules, vesicles, pustules, crusts and scabs. Symptoms may appear from 5 to 21 days following infection (i.e. incubation period). People with the infection are generally infectious from onset of fever until the skin lesions have scabbed over.

How is MPOX transmitted?

​Transmission occurs when a person comes into close contact with the virus through and infected animal, infected person or contaminated environment. 

Animal-to-human transmission may occur by a bite or scratch from an infected animal, bush meat preparation, or direct contact with the blood, body fluids, or skin or mucosal lesions of infected animals. 

Human-to-human transmission can occur via exposure to respiratory droplets or direct physical contact with the blood, body fluid or lesion material from infected individual or contaminated materials.


Is MPOX a "gay disease"?

MPOX ​is NOT a "gay disease". 

MSM is not currently a known risk factor for MPOX transmission. While there have been cases identified among MSM, anyone can be infected through close or direct contact. 

Stigma is counterproductive. Being infected with MPOX is nothing to be ashamed of and is not associated with a specific sexual orientation. ​​

What is the treatment for MPOX?

​MPOX is typically a self-limiting illness, with symptoms usually resolving spontaneously within 14-21 days. There are no specific proven or safe treatments or vaccines available for MPOX infection. Treatment is typically symptomatic and supportive. Vaccines and antiviral medication are also currently being developed and studied for use in the prevention and treatment for MPOX​.

How to reduce risk of MPOX?

  • Learn more about MPOX and stay updated on its development from reputable sources, such as NCID, WHO, etc.
  • Mask up and sanitise your hands and objects regularly with soap and water or alcohol-based sanitiser.
  • Avoid close, skin-to-skin contact with anyone who has symptoms.
  • Be vigilant of symptoms, especially if you had recent physical or sexual contact with someone who may have been exposed to MPOX.
  • ​If you experience any of the symptoms, seek immediate medical attention at your nearest GP, DSC Clinic, or NCID.​​



REGISTER YOUR INTEREST FOR MPOX VACCINATION

​​​AS AT 23 AUGUST 2024

In view of the declaration of the mpox outbreak originating in Africa as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by the WHO, MOH is reviewing the response strategy and contingency measures for Singapore, including the prioritisation for use of vaccines. The current vaccination approach is to focus on close contacts of confirmed cases. MOH is monitoring the situation closely and will adjust the vaccination strategy according to the evolving situation.


We advise the public to take the necessary precautions, which include:
i. Maintaining a high standard of personal hygiene;
ii. Avoiding direct contact with skin lesions of infected persons or animals;
iii. Avoiding high-risk activities such as having multiple sex partners or casual sex; and
iv. If they travel to affected areas:
     1. avoiding contact with wild animals and consumption of bush meat.
     2. Seek immediate medical attention if they develop symptoms (e.g. fever or rash) within 21 days             of returning from the affected area. They should inform their doctor of their recent travel and              exposure history.​

Disclaimer

We have attempted to provide full, accurate and up to date information in this patient information leaflet, based on current medical evidence and opinion. However, information and advice may vary from different sources, and over time. If you have any further questions, see your doctor or healthcare provider.​

Find out more through this Patient Information Leaflet.​​​